Monday, June 10, 2013

Gotham: Closing of Holy Spirit School Leaves Teachers Adrift

I sat last week in a hilly playground off University Avenue in the Bronx with Eloise Pescador Martinez, 58, and Richard DeZonie, 61. They have taught for three decades each at Holy Spirit School, down the street. “Long ago I came to the realization,” Mr. DeZonie said, “that I love that look in a child’s eye when you’ve reached him.”

Ms. Martinez nodded, emphatic. “I love it!” she said. “We’re family, generation after generation of family.”

Their family is being torn asunder. In a few weeks, the Archdiocese of New York will shutter their school, 1 of 25 to close this year. Their children will be dispersed. A few veteran teachers will find toeholds in a shrinking Roman Catholic system. Many will be cut adrift, middle-aged wayfarers in a bad market. For their decades of modestly paid work, the diocese offers this parsimonious going-away gift: Teachers can choose a $5,000 severance check or six months of health coverage. Not both.

So which will it be? Ms. Martinez’s daughter has asthma — she’ll opt for insurance. Mr. DeZonie’s wife teaches at Holy Spirit as well; he’ll take the insurance and she’ll take the money. “Man, it’s not much after three decades, no it really isn’t,” he said.

Cardinal Timothy M. Dolan projects a jovial official face of Catholicism in this city. He can crack a joke with practiced timing. At the recent conclave in Rome, where bishops and cardinals paraded about in glorious raiment, he was regarded as quite the comer.

Back home, the Catholic Church and the archdiocese give the appearance of an empire sunk in financial despondency. Church attendance and school enrollment has tumbled for decades.

Some of the financial problems are owing to the church’s own lies and omissions around the sexual abuse scandals involving priests.

Cardinal Dolan and his school superintendent, who declined to comment, twice cut the system close to the bone in recent years, eliminating nearly 60 schools. They have sold off and leased real estate, raising many millions of dollars.

The superintendent, Timothy J. McNiff, said recently that the diocesan schools were stable. There’s a survivor’s comfort to be had in that. But you wonder what becomes of those who have turned to the beacon that has been Holy Spirit, an elementary school that sits atop the bony spine of the Morris Heights neighborhood. Generational waves of immigrants, Italians and Irish, Puerto Ricans and Dominicans, Mexicans and Ghanaians, have come through its doors.

The tuition at Holy Spirit is a pittance compared with a Dalton or a Brearley. And the archdiocese deserves credit for subsidizing these costs. But for a Ghanaian immigrant working two jobs and pulling down $25,000 a year, that tuition looms as a mountainous sum.

Any talk of subsidy, however, must include the teachers. A parochial school veteran with 20 years of service and a master’s degree makes $60,000; that’s a touch above the starting pay for a public-school teacher. Nor are parochial school pensions remotely comparable to those of public-school teachers.

That’s O.K., sort of. Ms. Martinez, who first spoke to me one evening after choir practice, talked easily of their mission. But this is a city grown more expensive by the week, and the gap between the wealthy few and the middle-class many who scrape by gets wider.

Ms. Martinez is divorced and has twice dipped into her small retirement savings for her daughter’s tuition. She sprints paycheck to paycheck. “I always said I didn’t get into this for the money,” she said. “I guess I was right.”

Sacrifices are easiest when shared. No one likes to think of themselves as naïve. Last time, the archdiocese said it had set aside $7.4 million for a “teacher transition plan.” That was sophistry.

The diocese spent $600,000 on severance the last time it closed schools. It appears to have counted its payments into unemployment insurance to pad that package.

“I’ve told my landlord I’m facing a layoff,” Ms. Martinez said. “I want to know: Where’s that Catholic mission we have lived with all of our lives?”

We walked back down University Boulevard toward the Romanesque tower of the school. We passed children, who smiled, waved and shouted out her name. “I try to separate my faith from the institution,” she said slowly. “My faith now? It’s those children.”

E-mail: powellm@nytimes.com

Twitter: @powellnyt

This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:

Correction: June 6, 2013

The Gotham column on Tuesday, about teachers at Holy Spirit School, which is being closed at the end of the school year, misstated the name of a street near the elementary school in the Bronx. It is University Avenue (also known as Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard), not University Boulevard.


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Sunday, June 9, 2013

The Learning Network: Teachers, What Are Your Thoughts on the Common Core Standards?

A parent of a student at the Earth School in Manhattan wore a button protesting standardized testing based on the new Common Core standards.  Go to related article »Michael Appleton for The New York Times A parent of a student at the Earth School in Manhattan wore a button protesting standardized testing based on the new Common Core standards.  Go to related article »

The work of this blog is to suggest ideas for teaching and learning with The New York Times. We don’t do original reporting, and we don’t offer opinions on education issues. Instead, like teachers everywhere, we strive to facilitate discussion on issues of the day rather than imparting our own points of view.

But as we have experimented with the new Common Core Standards over the last two years, we have also been aware of how politically charged their implementation has become.

For some, it’s not so much the standards as the inevitable related standardized testing that is the issue. Many, from Randi Weingarten of the American Federation of Teachers to the National Council of Teachers of English to the New York Times editorial page, have recently called for caution on testing until teachers and students have a chance to adjust to the new requirements.

For others, the standards themselves are the problem.

The Republican National Committee rejects them on federalist grounds. Others dislike them because of the way they have been adopted and implemented. Still others say that we need less standardization, not more, or that national standards are beside the point when bigger issues of inequality are the real issue. Many simply see them as part of a troubling wave of change around the direction of education policy in the United States in general.

Common Core defenders, however, say the standards are powerful and much-needed — as a way to help students compete in a global economy, and as a way “replace the mediocre patchwork of learning standards” that predates them.

We thought we’d both explain how this blog is approaching the Common Core and ask you about your own experiences and opinions as we plan for the next school year. Please join the conversation below.

What We’ve Done on the Blog So Far, and Why

One of the first things teachers noticed about the Common Core Standards was the fact that they require significantly more nonfiction, or “informational text,” across the curriculum.

Since the C.C.S.S. definition of “informational text” includes pretty much everything The Times publishes, we saw this as an opportunity to help teachers use Times articles, essays, infographics, videos and photographs alongside literature and other classroom materials to make connections between academic content, students’ lives and the world at large.

Of course, making those connections has been the chief focus of The Learning Network for our entire 14-year history, so this wasn’t a departure for us.

Standards or no standards, our work is to make the newspaper accessible for learners. It’s why the liveliest part of the blog has always been the daily Student Opinion question, and why we run features like our new photojournalism activity and our summer reading contest.

But to help teachers understand how what we do works for the Common Core, we also aligned our lesson plans this year both to the McREL Standards we’ve always used and to the new C.C.S.S.– a task that wasn’t hard given that we’ve occasionally been accused of overstuffing our lessons with so many complex activities and questions that some of them could serve as graduate seminars. Next year we may well add the new science standards to the mix.

But because the shift to more nonfiction is the subject of much controversy, this fall we also published a lesson plan inviting students to examine the standards themselves, and discuss the question “What should children read?”

Perhaps the most obviously C.C.S.S.-aligned experiment we did this year was our Friday “Common Core Practice” series, in which we collaborated with two teachers and their freshman humanities classes to post three standards-based writing prompts drawn from each week’s Times.

Their students have just created a video that sums up better than we ever could the benefits of reading the newspaper regularly.

For these teachers and students and for us, however, the focus on the Common Core was just a lens through which to see the work we would have done anyway. Yes, the prompts addressed the argumentative, informative and narrative writing the standards highlight, but the exercise was much more about the serendipity of discovery a reader can have paging through The Times, and about creating a culture of lifelong learning.

As the two teachers — Jonathan Olsen and Sarah Gross — say: “We’ve used newspapers in the classroom before the Common Core, and we’ll continue to use them if the Common Core disappears. Reading and writing with The Times works no matter what standards you’re following.”

We suspect that’s how many of you feel about what and how you teach, too. Several teachers have told us they will tweak the good work they’ve always done in order to address the standards more directly, but, like Mr. Olsen and Mrs. Gross, they already have a solid sense of what works with their own students.

This summer we’ll be thinking about where we should go with the standards for 2013-14 ourselves, and your thoughts will help. We hope you’ll weigh in.

Questions for You

We know that the answers to these questions are not simple, but please post briefly below in response to as many as you like:

What have been your experiences so far with the Common Core?How prepared do you think you, your students and your school are to begin addressing them during the next school year? What do you think of the standards themselves?What are your thoughts on how they have been implemented so far?How do you feel about what this blog has been doing around the C.C.S.S. so far? What else could we be doing? How can we help you?

Thank you, and happy summer.


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The Learning Network Blog: Teenagers in The Times | May, 2013

Arvind V. Mahankali, of Queens, is New York City’s first national spelling champion since 1997. Go to related article » Cliff Owen/Associated Press Arvind V. Mahankali, of Queens, is New York City’s first national spelling champion since 1997. Go to related article »

Spelling Bee champs, tech wizards, guerrilla filmmakers and Broadway stars: welcome to another edition of our monthly round-up of the latest articles and multimedia features published on NYTimes.com about young people.

You can use the collection for teaching and learning or, this summer, as a handy spot to find interesting articles for our summer reading contest.

Look for the next installment in the series on July 5.

World | U.S. | Health | Sports | Technology | Arts | Education

17 Days in Darkness, a Cry of ‘Save Me,’ and Joy and Bangladesh Survivor Leaves Hospital With Job

Reshma Begum, who survived for 17 days in the rubble of a collapsed garment factory, fielded many job offers before accepting work at the Westin Hotel in Dhaka.

Where Is Home for a Third-Culture Kid?

These children of expatriates call many places home, pausing a little too long on the fundamental question: “Where are you from?”

A Youthful Corps Whose Esprit Comes From Hustle

Since he was 6, Mujeeb has sold cheap wares in Kabul, Afghanistan, to Westerners who have grown so accustomed to seeing him over the past 12 years that they often leave him gifts and goods for free. At 18, he is the dean of the hawker corps.

A Lost Generation: Young Syrian Refugees Struggle to Survive

More than half the 500,000 Syrian refugees in Jordan are under 18. “They can’t see beyond, frankly, the next day,” an aid worker said.

Out of Egypt’s Chaos, Musical Rebellion

Young musicians have created a new genre of youth-driven, socially conscious music and forced it on the Egyptian soundscape.

Boy Scouts End Longtime Ban on Openly Gay Youths

The Boy Scouts of America on May 23 ended its longstanding policy of forbidding openly gay youths to participate in its activities, a step its chief executive called “compassionate, caring and kind.”

Queens Boy, 13, Wins Scripps Spelling Bee With ‘Knaidel’ and Some Say the Spelling of a Winning Word Just Wasn’t Kosher

The fourth trip to the Scripps National Spelling Bee was the charm for Arvind V. Mahankali, 13, from Bayside, Queens. Arvind, an eighth grader at Nathaniel Hawthorne Middle School, won the nationally televised contest by spelling “knaidel,” a Yiddish term of German origin meaning “dumpling.”

Naval Academy Is Shaken by Student’s Report of Rape by Athletes

As midshipmen were graduating from the Naval Academy, Navy investigators were conducting an investigation into reports that several football players had serially raped a female midshipman at an off-campus party last year.

Another Chance for Mone’t

The end of the road is a yellow brick house in East New York, Brooklyn, that was once a rectory. Mone’t arrived there on Dec. 28 with a bad attitude and four years of baggage.

Young Americans Lead Trend to Less Driving

Younger people are less likely to drive — or even to have driver’s licenses — than past generations for whom driving was a birthright and the open road a symbol of freedom.

Oregon Youth Is Accused of Plotting School Attack

Law enforcement officials in Oregon say they have disrupted a plot by a student to set off explosives at his high school in what one official described as a “video-game style of killing people” reminiscent of the Columbine High School massacre.

Kicked Off Their Flight, Students Turn to Internet

After a group of Brooklyn students refused to sit down and shut off their cellphones, the AirTran crew ordered them and their chaperones off the plane, prompting the teenagers to turn to social media in vigorous dissent.

A New Way to Care for Young Brains

In the last three years, dozens of youth concussion clinics have opened in nearly 35 states.

Hidden Threats to Young Athletes

The No. 1 killer of young athletes is sudden cardiac arrest, typically brought on by a pre-existing, detectable condition that could have been treated.

Technology

Before Tumblr, Founder Made Mom Proud. He Quit School.

David Karp never finished high school or enrolled in college. Instead, he played a significant role in several technology start-ups before founding Tumblr.

The Apprentices of a Digital Age

Jasmine Gao, who is 19, just wasn’t the classroom type. So instead of languishing in college, she dropped out after her freshman year. A year later, Ms. Gao holds the title of data strategist at Bitly, the URL-shortening service based in New York.

Cyberparenting and the Risk of T.M.I.

It may be a timeless curse of parenthood to know simultaneously too much about one’s teenager and yet never access the information one actually wants. But the unruly morass of today’s social media and cellphone-infested landscape seems to have made both aspects of the curse worse.

Following in His Parents’ Very Fast Footsteps

The Burrells are the first family of sprinting in the United States and possess rare versatility as sprinters and jumpers. Cameron, 18, a senior at Ridge Point High School southwest of Houston, has run the nation’s top scholastic time this season in the 100, a wind-aided 10.07 seconds at the Texas Relays.

A Whistle, a Punch, and a Soccer Referee Is Dead

A little more than a week after a 17-year-old soccer player punched a recreation-league referee in the head in suburban Salt Lake City, the referee is dead, the player faces charges, and youth sports are left with questions about the seeming rise in severity of assaults on officials.

En Garde, All the Time

For Adrienne Jarocki, 17, an international fencing champion from Middle Village, Queens, Sundays are only partly a day of rest.

Autistic Twins Are Hoping for Calm Races After the Trauma of Boston

Alex and Jamie Schneider run seemingly on instinct, saying nothing and drifting into a cone of concentration. They are autistic 22-year-old identical twins from Long Island whose passion is to run for miles at a time.

Griner Says She Is Part of Mission to Help All Live in Truth

“I never felt the need to publicly announce I was “out,” writes the W.N.B.A. player Brittney Griner.

Changing Sex, and Changing Teams

Not so long ago, Toni Bias dreamed of playing in the W.N.B.A. But after starring on the girls’ junior varsity basketball team as a high school freshman, Toni came out as transgender last summer, began going by the name Tony and started transitioning to male.

Sport Gains Hoofhold on a Scholastic Level

The United States Polo Association has developed strategies to make polo more accessible to high school and college students without their having to make a major investment.

It’s Just Another Hurdle for Blind Athletes

Holding a fiberglass pole, Aria Ottmueller bent and touched the runway to locate her starting mark. A coach helped position her front foot. The foam vaulting pit at her high school appeared only as a blue smudge. The crossbar was invisible to her.

In the Name of a Legacy

Tim Corbin coaches Carl Yastrzemski’s grandson Mike, a senior right fielder for Vanderbilt.

Former Ski Racer Developed Swing That Sounds as Good as It Looks

The Austrian teenager Marina Stuetz’s path to the L.P.G.A. Tour did not go through an American college program, Golf Channel’s “Big Break” or the Ladies European Tour. She arrived like a snowstorm in spring, catching everyone by surprise.

Top 16-Year-Old Runner Has a Long To-Do List

A sophomore at Charlotte’s Ardrey Kell High School, Alana Hadley is 5 feet 5 inches and 110 pounds, with a resting heart rate of 50 beats a minute and a preference for pink and purple T-shirts.

Broadway Babies

With nine shows featuring child actors, Broadway stages are teeming with little ones right now, and the business of tending to them is booming.

The Hollywood Fast Life of Stalker Sarah

One afternoon this winter, Sarah M., better known as “Stalker Sarah,” was sitting in the back of an In-N-Out Burger fidgeting with her iPhone and plotting how to get her picture taken with Harry Styles, the rakishly handsome frontman of the English boy band One Direction, or one of his bandmates.

A New Jackson in Front of the Lens

Michael Jackson’s oldest son, Prince, has become a teenager about town.

Such a Doll

Mostly in their teens and early 20s, a group of girls are pioneers in a movement that gained traction in Eastern Europe last year in which they try to achieve perfection as “the most-realistic-ever human Barbie doll.”

Clips from “Yuck” – Battle of the Salads from Maxwell Project on Vimeo.

The Michael Moore of the Grade-School Lunchroom

Guerrilla filmmakers often face crackdowns by the powers that be, and Zachary Maxwell is no exception.

His hidden-camera documentary was almost derailed last year when he was caught filming without permission by a fearsome enforcer – the lunchroom monitor in his school cafeteria.

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With Students as Backdrop, Obama Warns of Doubling of Loan Rates

College students, freshly relieved of pressure from term papers and final exams, served as a backdrop for President Obama as he warned of another impending fiscal deadline: student loan interest rates are set to double in 30 days under current law.

DESCRIPTION

Reports of Cheating at Barnard College Cause a Stir

Revelations about shared quiz answers, unearned grades and even bribes in a Barnard course.

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On a College Waiting List? Sending Cookies Isn’t Going to Help

For most applicants to selective colleges, the letters that arrived by April 1 brought an end to months of anxious wondering. But for some small fraction of those students, the tension is only now reaching its apex.

DESCRIPTION

In Thailand’s Schools, Vestiges of Military Rule

At a public school in an industrial Bangkok suburb, teachers wield bamboo canes and reprimand students for long hair, ordering it sheared on the spot.

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College Essays That Stand Out From the Crowd

What these four writers have in common is an appetite for risk.

A Team Approach to Get Students College Ready

Blue Engine recruits and places recent college graduates as full-time teaching assistants in high schools.

Go to full series »

Learn about teaching with “Teenagers in The Times” »


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The Learning Network Blog: Poetry Pairing | 'The Gulf, 1987'

In Ortley Beach, NJ, many homes still await repairs, including those owned by half the guests at Kathie and Jim Watson’s party on Sunday. Go to related article »Ozier Muhammad/The New York Times In Ortley Beach, NJ, many homes still await repairs, including those owned by half the guests at Kathie and Jim Watson’s party on Sunday. Go to related article »

We mark the last Poetry Pairing of the school year with “The Gulf, 1987? by Deborah Paredez and the article “New Summer for Shore Residents, but Not as Before” by Peter Applebome.

After reading the poem and article, tell us what you think — or suggest other Times content that could be matched with the poem instead.

Deborah Paredez, a performer, theater scholar and award-winning poet, is the co-founder of CantoMundo, a national organization for Latino poets. She is also an associate professor of English at the University of Texas at Austin. In addition to writing poetry, Ms. Paredez has written about the singer Selena, the film “Real Women Have Curves” and the show “Ugly Betty.”

The Gulf, 1987

By Deborah Paredez

The day upturned, flooded with sunlight, not
a single cloud. I squint into the glare,
cautious even then of bright emptiness.
We sit under shade, Tía Lucia
showing me how white folks dine, the high life.
I am about to try my first oyster,
Tía spending her winnings from the slots
on a whole dozen, the glistening valves
wet and private as a cheek’s other side,
broken open before us. Don’t be shy.
Take it all in at once. Flesh and sea grit,
sweet meat and brine, a taste I must acquire.
In every split shell, the coast’s silhouette:
bodies floating in what was once their home.

In “New Summer for Shore Residents, but Not as Before,” Peter Applebome writes about the Jersey Shore at the start of its first post-Hurricane Sandy summer season:

ORTLEY BEACH, N.J. — In any other year, Uncle Mike said, it is the Kickoff Classic, the first weekend of the summer when seasonal and year-round residents roam Fourth Avenue like amiable vagrants who have just emerged from hibernation, stopping in to say hi, hanging out on one another’s porches, strolling the Boardwalk, checking out the beach.

The adults make their pilgrimage to Joey Harrison’s Surf Club for liquid refreshment and sightseeing. Children head for the arcade games and miniature golf at Barnacle Bill’s.

But on this first Memorial Day Weekend since Hurricane Sandy, the kickoff began more like the squibbed variety, the weather gloomy and crowds thin. The pilgrimage had to be to one of the bars in Seaside Heights because the Surf Club is still a beachfront ruin, hoping to return next summer. The giant fiberglass Barnacle Bill lies on its back awaiting resurrection when the golf course is repaired, perhaps by July 4. The Ortley Boardwalk is not back yet. There is not much beach.

Still, seven months after Hurricane Sandy tore Fourth Avenue and much of the Jersey Shore to shreds, Ortley and the rest of the shore are caught somewhere between awe at what has been accomplished and frustration at what has not, contemplating a recovery that probably has years to go.

… On one lot there is nothing but a beached fishing boat. Next to it is a mountain of rubble where a house once stood. Some houses tilt at unnatural angles awaiting demolition; others sit forlorn and deserted like Walker Evans Depression-era portraits.

About 20 houses stood before the storm. Now only three are habitable — three and a half if you count half of the two-family beach house Uncle Mike, a contractor and the bard of Fourth Avenue, is rebuilding with his cousin Pete Rizzuto.

“You look out our back door, and there’s devastation all around. It still looks like a bomb hit it,” said Mr. Rizzuto, speaking by telephone from his office in Cedar Knolls, N.J. “The house isn’t done, so I don’t have a reason to go right now. I don’t really want to see it.”

Still, he and Uncle Mike, whose real name is Mike Pedano, hope to be back by July 4. And Mr. Pedano figures things could be a lot worse. “We’re blessed,” he said. “I’m not frustrated at all. I always said that this was going to take three to five years, and I’m still sticking to that.”

“The Gulf, 1987? appeared in the September 2012 issue of Poetry.

Visit this page to find out more about our collaboration with the Poetry Foundation, and to read ideas for using any week’s pairing for teaching and learning.


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The Learning Network Blog: 6 Q's About the News | Spike in Graffiti in National Parks

Graffiti on a cactus last week in Saguaro National Park in Arizona. Many of the giant cactuses are 150 years old. Go to related article »Joshua Lott for The New York Times Graffiti on a cactus last week in Saguaro National Park in Arizona. Many of the giant cactuses are 150 years old. Go to related article »Read the article to answer basic news questions.

In the article “As Vandals Deface U.S. Parks, Some Point to Online Show-Offs,” Felicity Barringer writes about the recent spike in graffiti in national parks.

WHO is Steve Bolyard?

WHERE is Saguaro National Park?

WHAT did Mr. Bolyard find on saguaros there?
WHAT are some other national parks that are dealing with more vandalism?

WHY do officials think social media is playing a role in the increase in vandalism in United States parks?

HOW was one offender, Trenton Ganey, caught by the authorities?
HOW did park officials catch the vandals who chopped up cactuses when Saguaro was hit again last month?

WHEN have you visited a national park?

Related: Our Student Opinion question “How Much Time Do You Spend in Nature?” and our 6 Q’s “At National Parks, Tech + Tourists = Trouble“


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Obama Promises Internet Upgrade for U.S. Schools

MOORESVILLE, N.C. — President Obama visited an innovative middle school in central North Carolina on Thursday to demonstrate the Internet-based education programs that he is proposing to make available nationwide.

Speaking to an audience of excited teenagers in a steamy gymnasium, Mr. Obama called on the Federal Communications Commission to expand an existing program to provide discounted high-speed Internet service to schools and libraries, even if it meant increasing the fees that for years had been added to consumers’ phone bills. He said the initiative could lead to better technology at 99 percent of schools in five years.

“There’s no reason why we can’t replicate the success you’ve found here,” Mr. Obama said to the students’ cheers. “And for those of you who follow politics in Washington, here’s the best news — none of this requires an act of Congress.” To further applause, he added, “We can and we will get started right away.”

Mr. Obama was joined by his education secretary, Arne Duncan, whose department would work with the F.C.C. to revamp the initiative, known as the Schools and Libraries program or E-rate, to provide local schools with Internet speeds of up to 1 gigabit per second, among the fastest commercially available. With the federal money that Mr. Obama proposes to redirect for this purpose, schools also could pay for wireless networks throughout their buildings and campuses.

The president singled out Mooresville for its program, which not only upgraded technology but also provided a computer to each student and extra training for teachers. School performance has improved in turn.

Mr. Duncan, speaking to reporters on Air Force One en route to North Carolina, said that he had learned of the innovations in Mooresville, a town near Charlotte, because the local school superintendent was a friend. Mr. Duncan said the school quit purchasing textbooks several years ago to pay for the technology. Mr. Obama, he added, wants to “shine a spotlight on best practices and try to take them to scale.”

To pay for a similar technology expansion throughout the United States, the administration wants to improve the efficiency of the current program, and for telephone customers to pay up to $5 a year extra, or about 40 cents monthly, on their bills.

The Schools and Libraries program is part of the Universal Service Fund, an $8.7 billion program that distributes money for several purposes. Nearly half the money goes to a program that has long subsidized telephone and Internet service to rural or remote areas. About $2.2 billion goes to Schools and Libraries, a similar amount supports phone service to low-income consumers, and $200 million pays for telephone and Internet service to health care professionals in rural areas.

As an independent agency, the F.C.C. does not answer directly to the president, but he nominates the agency’s chairman. Any changes to the program’s structure would have to go through a rule-making procedure and be approved by a majority of the commission’s members. Currently there are three members; two seats are vacant.

The program assesses the fees on phone companies, but they typically pass the cost to consumers. The tax is roughly 15 percent on the long-distance portion of phone bills, resulting in a monthly assessment of a few dollars on the average combined home and mobile phone plan.

Schools and libraries that qualify for E-rate support receive discounts of 20 to 90 percent on services and equipment, depending on the household income levels of students and whether the school is in an urban or rural area.

Administration officials say that while the E-rate program, established in 1996, provides low-cost Internet connections to community institutions, the speed of those services is rarely different from those that home subscribers can receive, about 20 megabits per second.

That is fast enough for the average home consumer to stream video, but if dozens of classrooms are trying to view video or listen to digital audio files at the same time, a school’s network will operate much more slowly.

Officials say they also expect private companies to expand their offerings of devices and products like electronic textbooks in response to the expanded program.

Jackie Calmes reported from Mooresville, N.C., and Edward Wyatt from Washington.


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